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Physical Science; Ch. 4 Test

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Which of the following scientists inferred that an atom’s positive charge must be clustered in the nucleus?
a.
Niels Bohr
b.
John Dalton
c.
Ernest Rutherford
d.
J.J. Thomson
 

 2. 
Which particles in atoms have a negative electric charge?
a.
electrons
b.
protons
c.
neutrons
d.
nuclei
 

 3. 
In an atom, the number of protons equals the number of
a.
nuclei.
b.
electrons.
c.
neutrons.
d.
isotopes.
 

 4. 
Mendeleev created the first periodic table by arranging elements in order of
a.
decreasing atomic mass.
b.
increasing atomic mass.
c.
increasing atomic number.
d.
increasing melting points and densities.
 

 5. 
How did chemists change Mendeleev’s periodic table in the early 1900s?
a.
They included chemical properties such as bonding power.
b.
They included physical properties such as melting point and density.
c.
They used atomic mass instead of atomic number to organize the elements.
d.
They used atomic number instead of atomic mass to organize the elements.
 

 6. 
What prediction did Mendeleev make that came true less than 20 years later?
a.
He predicted the atomic numbers of unknown elements.
b.
He predicted that a total of 112 elements would be discovered.
c.
He said that three new elements would be discovered, and he described their properties.
d.
He said that the periodic table would be developed into 18 families.
 

 7. 
The elements in a column of the periodic table
a.
have similar properties.
b.
are in the same period.
c.
have the same atomic mass.
d.
have very similar chemical symbols.
 

 8. 
What information in the periodic table indicates the number of protons in an atom?
a.
the position of the element in its column
b.
the element’s chemical symbol
c.
the element’s atomic number
d.
the element’s atomic mass
 

 9. 
Most metals are NOT
a.
ductile.
b.
good conductors of heat and electricity.
c.
liquid at room temperature.
d.
malleable.
 

 10. 
In general, which of the following statements about metals is true?
a.
Metals need to be stored in sealed containers for safety.
b.
Metals show a wide range of chemical properties.
c.
Metals are highly reactive substances.
d.
Metals do not react with oxygen.
 

 11. 
Which group contains the most elements?
a.
semimetals
b.
nonmetals
c.
metals
d.
transition elements
 

 12. 
A material is said to be ductile if it
a.
can be pulled out, or drawn, into a long wire.
b.
can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets and other shapes.
c.
can transfer heat or electricity to another material.
d.
is a mixture of a metal with at least one other element.
 

 13. 
In the periodic table, the most reactive metals are found
a.
in Group 1, the first column on the left.
b.
in Period 1, the first row across the top.
c.
in Groups 13 through 16 in the center.
d.
in Periods 6 and 7 at the bottom.
 

 14. 
The two most common alkaline earth metals are
a.
copper and zinc.
b.
iron and silver.
c.
sodium and potassium.
d.
calcium and magnesium.
 

 15. 
Which of the following statements about transition metals is true?
a.
They are never found uncombined in nature.
b.
They include familiar metals such as gold, silver, copper, and nickel.
c.
They are so soft that they can be cut with an ordinary knife.
d.
They are the most reactive of all the types of metals.
 

 16. 
To make most synthetic elements, scientists use powerful machines called
a.
semiconductors.
b.
particle accelerators.
c.
supernovae.
d.
nebulas.
 

 17. 
Why would it probably be very difficult to determine the chemical and physical properties of a newly discovered synthetic element?
a.
The element would not fit in the periodic table.
b.
The element’s nuclei would break apart very quickly.
c.
The element would combine the properties of the nuclei from which it was made.
d.
The element would lack many properties of ordinary elements.
 

 18. 
Which property of bromine could you NOT predict based on the fact that it is a nonmetal in the halogen family?
a.
highly reactive
b.
poor conductor of electricity
c.
liquid at room temperature
d.
poor conductor of heat
 

 19. 
The elements that do not ordinarily form compounds are
a.
elements in the carbon family.
b.
metals.
c.
halogens.
d.
inert gases.
 

 20. 
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are part of a family called
a.
inert gases.
b.
semimetals.
c.
halogens.
d.
alkali metals.
 

 21. 
Which group of elements shares characteristics with both metals and nonmetals?
a.
salts
b.
semimetals
c.
halogens
d.
lanthanides
 

 22. 
In 1896, the French scientist Henri Becquerel discovered
a.
light-emitting polymers.
b.
a process to turn natural rubber into a hard, stretchable polymer.
c.
radioactive decay.
d.
how to make alloys.
 

 23. 
During radioactive decay, atomic nuclei of unstable isotopes
a.
give off nuclear radiation.
b.
are broken down by radioactive bacteria.
c.
form chemical bonds.
d.
are unchanged.
 

 24. 
A piece of paper will provide protection from
a.
alpha radiation.
b.
beta radiation.
c.
gamma radiation.
d.
gamma rays.
 

 25. 
The reason radioactive isotopes can be followed through the steps of a chemical reaction or industrial process is that they
a.
are stable.
b.
give off radiation.
c.
do not react chemically as nonradioactive isotopes do.
d.
do not decay.
 

 26. 
In radiation therapy,
a.
isotopes are traced through a chemical reaction.
b.
unhealthy human cells are destroyed.
c.
radioactive isotopes are used as fuel.
d.
weak spots in water pipes are found.
 

 27. 
Radioactive isotopes called ____ can be used to detect some medical problems.
a.
beta particles
b.
tracers
c.
gamma radiation
d.
alpha particles
 

 28. 
The most useful property of semimetals is their
a.
ability to be pulled out into long wires.
b.
softness and malleability.
c.
tendency to be unreactive.
d.
varying ability to conduct electricitic current.
 

 29. 
A carbon-14 nucleus decays to form a nitrogen-14 nucleus. What kind of nuclear radiation is released by this process?
a.
alpha particles
b.
beta particles
c.
gamma rays
d.
light rays
 

 30. 
Which form of nuclear radiation consists of high-energy waves similar to X-rays?
a.
alpha particles
b.
beta particles
c.
gamma rays
d.
isotopes
 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 

 31. 
Protons have no charge; they are neutral. _________________________

 

 32. 
The modern periodic table is organized according to atomic mass. _________________________

 

 33. 
The horizontal rows in the periodic table are known as groups. _________________________

 

 34. 
The elements in a group of the periodic table have similar characteristics. _________________________

 

 35. 
Describing a metal as malleable means that it can be pounded into a new shape. _________________________

 

 36. 
The most chemically reactive metals are in Group 1 of the periodic table. _________________________

 

 37. 
In general, the physical properties of nonmetals are similar to the properties of metals. _________________________

 

 38. 
Atoms of the halogen family of elements typically gain two electrons when they react. _________________________

 

 39. 
A radioactive isotope that can be followed through the steps of a chemical reaction is a(n) indicator. _________________________

 

 40. 
Positively charged particles in an atom’s nucleus are called neutrons.

 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 

 41. 
The ____________________ is the very small center core of an atom.
 

 

 42. 
Part of ________________ atomic theory was atoms cannot be created or destroyed in any chemical change, only rearranged.
 

 

 43. 
The property of an element that indicates the number of protons in its atoms is the ____________________.
 

 

 44. 
Mendeleev discovered that periodic patterns appeared when he arranged the elements in order of increasing ____________________.
 

 

 45. 
In the 1800s, Dmitri Mendeleev organized the first truly useful ____________________.
 

 

 46. 
A column of elements in the periodic table is called a group, or ____________________.
 

 

 47. 
Each element is given a specific _________________________ that usually consists of one or two letters.
 

 

 48. 
Elements that easily transmit electricity and heat display the property known as ____________________.
 

 

 49. 
Most metals are in the ____________________ state at room temperature.
 

 

 50. 
The chemical reactivity of metals tends to ____________________ from left to right across the periodic table.
 

 

 51. 
Elements with atomic numbers higher than 92 are not found naturally on Earth, so they must be made, or ____________________, by crashing nuclear particles into each other.
 

 

 52. 
Elements that form diatomic molecules, or molecules of two atoms each, are commonly found on the ____________________ side of the periodic table.
 

 

 53. 
Nonmetals are ____________________ conductors of heat and electricity.
 

 

 54. 
At room temperature, all the semimetals are solids, while most nonmetals are ____________________.
 

 

 55. 
A substance that will conduct electricity only under certain conditions is called a(n) ____________________.
 

 

 56. 
A(n) ____________________ particle is positively charged and consists of two protons and neutrons.
 

 

 57. 
A(n) _________________________ is a fast-moving electron given off by a nucleus during radioactive decay.
 

 

 58. 
Becquerel observed that a photographic plate developed an image of a uranium sample even though the plate was wrapped in paper. He hypothesized that the uranium must be emitting energy in the form of _________________________.
 

 

 59. 
The spontaneous emission of radiation by an unstable atomic nucleus was named ____________________ by Marie Curie
 

 

 60. 
An electron’s movement is related to its ____________________, or the specific amount of energy it has.     
 

 

Short Answer
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.
Atoms of Some Common Elements
Element
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Sodium
11
?
11
12
?
Magnesium
12
24
12
?
12
Aluminum
?
27
13
14
13
Phosphorus
15
31
?
16
15
 

 61. 
What is the mass number of sodium?
 

 62. 
What is the total number of electrons in an atom of sodium?
 

 63. 
How many neutrons are in an atom of magnesium?
 

 64. 
What is the atomic number of aluminum?
 

 65. 
How many protons are in an atom of phosphorus?
 

 66. 
The element silicon has been omitted from this table. It appears in Period 3 of the periodic table between aluminum and phosphorus. Given that information, which of the five columns in the chart could you fill in for silicon?
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.

nar002-1.jpg
 

 67. 
Which group of elements reacts violently with elements from Group 1?
 

 68. 
If a metal reacts violently with water, in which group is it likely to be found?
 

 69. 
What name is given to the elements in Groups 3 through 12? How do their properties tend to compare with the elements to the left and right of these groups?
 

 70. 
Locate the box in Group 18 in the fourth period. Predict the state of matter and the chemical reactivity of the element that belongs in that box.
 

 71. 
Most of the elements that form a zigzag line in the periodic table belong to one major group. What is that group, and what kinds of properties do its elements tend to have?
 

 72. 
What are the two most important alkali metals? Why are they so important?
 

Essay
 

 73. 
What contribution did the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev make to chemistry? What was he able to do to show the value of his contribution?
 

 74. 
Explain why the atomic mass of an element is usually not given as a whole number even though each individual atom of the element has a whole number of protons and neutrons.
 

 75. 
Compare the properties of metals and nonmetals.
 

 76. 
Metals show a wide range of chemical behavior. Give examples of that variation by describing some common properties of calcium, gold, iron, and sodium.
 

 77. 
Group 17 is called the halogen family, and the group to its right is called the inert gases. How are these elements alike and how are they different?
 

 78. 
Compare and contrast types of radioactive decay involving alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma radiation.
 

 79. 
Give several examples of how radioactive isotopes are useful.
 

 80. 
Explain the general process by which new elements are synthesized.
 



 
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