Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks Study Guide for Ch. 1; Introduction to Physical Science (Know by 9-7-09)
1.1; What is Physical Science? Science Observing Inferring Predicting Chemistry Physics Astronomy 1.2; Scientific inquiry Scientific inquiry Hypothesis Parameter Manipulated variable Responding variable Controlled experiment Data Communicating Model Scientific theory Scientific law 1.3; Measurement SI Weight Mass Volume Meniscus Density Celsius scale Kelvin scale Absolute zero 1.4; Mathematics and Science Estimate Accuracy Reproducibility Significant figures Precision
1.5; Graphs in Science Graph Horizontal axis Vertical axis Origin Coordinate Data point Line of best fit Linear graph Slope Nonlinear graph Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations… Students should develop their own questions and perform investigations… Plan and conduct a scientific investigation to test a hypothesis. Evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of data. Distinguish between variable and controlled parameters in a test. Recognize the slope of the linear graph as the constant in the relationship y=kx and apply this principle in interpreting graphs constructed from data. Construct appropriate graphs from data and describe relationships between variables. Apply simple mathematic relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression, given the two remaining terms (including speed = distance/time, density = mass/volume, force = pressure × area, volume = area × height). Distinguish between linear and nonlinear relationships on a graph of data
Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks Study Guide for Ch. 2; The Nature of Matter (Know by 9-14-09)
2.1; Describing Matter Matter Substance Physical property Chemical property Element Atom Chemical bond Molecule Compound Chemical formula Mixture Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture Solution 2.2; Changes in Matter Physical change Chemical change Law of Conservation of Matter 2.3; Energy and Matter Energy Temperature Thermal energy Endothermic change Exothermic change Chemical energy Electromagnetic energy Electrical energy Electrode
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes; *Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons…
The total energy & motion of the atoms in a substance determine its state of matter. Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks Study Guide for Ch. 3; Solids, Liquids, & Gases (Know by 9-28-09) 3.1; States of Matter Solid Crystalline solid Amorphous solid Liquid Fluid Surface tension Viscosity Gas 3.2; Changes of State Milting Melting point Freezing Vaporization Evaporation Boiling Boiling point Condensation Sublimation 3.3; The Behavior of Gases Pressure Directly proportional Inversely proportional Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes; *Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons…
The total energy & motion of the atoms in a substance determine its state of matter. Compare the packing of solid, liquid and gas molecules. Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks Study Guide for Ch. 4; Elements and the Periodic Table (Know by 10-12-09)
4.1; Introduction to Atoms Atoms Electron Nucleus Proton Energy level Neutron Atomic number Isotope Mass number 4.2; Organizing the Elements Atomic mass Periodic table Period Group Chemical symbol 4.3; Metals Metal Malleable Ductile Thermal conductivity Electrical conductivity Reactivity Corrosion Alkali metal Alkaline Earth Metal Transition metal Particle accelerator 4.4; Nonmetals, Inert Gases, and Semimetals Nonmetal Diatomic molecule Halogen Inert gas Semimetal Semiconductor 4.5; Radioactive Elements Radioactive decay Radioactivity Alpha particle Beta Particle Gamma radiation Tracer Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Periodic Table *Organization of the periodic table based on properties of the elements; reflects structure of atoms… Use the periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds.
Know regions corresponding to metals, non-metals, metalloids, inert gases, etc.
Atomic number & what it means, atomic mass & what it means. Isotopes have a different # of neutrons.
Substances can be classified by properties like melting point, density, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivity.
END OF UNIT 1 Unit 2; Chemical Interactions Study Guide for Ch. 5; Atoms & Bonding (Know by 11-2-09)
5.1; Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table Valence electron Electron dot diagram Chemical bond 5.2; Ionic bonds Ion Polyatomic ion Ionic bond Ionic compound Chemical formula Subscript Crystal 5.3; Covalent Bonds Covalent bond Molecule Double bond Triple bond Molecular compound Polar bond Nonpolar bond 5.4; Bonding in Metals Alloy Metallic bond Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Chemical Reactions *Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into different combinations of molecules… Reactant atoms & molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.
Law of Conservation of Matter; in rxns the # of atoms and mass stays the same.
Rxns either release or absorb heat energy.
In physical changes (freezing, boiling) materials change form without chemically reacting.
Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions Study Guide for Ch. 6; Chemical Reactions (Know by 11-23-09) 6.1; Observing Chemical Change Matter Chemistry Physical property Chemical property Physical change Chemical change Reactants Products Precipitate Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction 6.2; Describing Chemical Reactions Chemical equation Conservation of matter Open system Closed system Coefficient Synthesis reaction Decomposition reaction Replacement reaction 6.3; Controlling Chemical Reactions Activation energy Concentration Catalysis Enzyme Inhibitor 6.4; Fire and Fire Safety Combustion Fuel
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Chemical Reactions *Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into different combinations of molecules… Reactant atoms & molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.
Law of Conservation of Matter; in rxns the # of atoms and mass stays the same.
Rxns either release or absorb heat energy.
In physical changes (freezing, boiling) materials change form without chemically reacting.
Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions Study Guide for Ch. 7; Acids, Bases, & Solutions (Know by 12-7-09) 7.1; Understanding Solutions Solution Solvent Solute Colloid Suspension 7.2; Concentration and Solubility Dilute solution Concentrated solution Solubility Saturated solution Unsaturated solution Supersaturated solution 7.3; Describing Acids and Bases Acid Base Corrosive Indicator 7.4; Acids and Bases in Solution Hydrogen ion (H+) Hydroxide ion (OH--) pH Scale Neutral Neutralization Salt
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions Study Guide for Ch. 8; Carbon Chemistry (Know by 12-18-09)
8.1; Properties of Carbon Diamond Graphite Fullerene Nanotube 8.2; Carbon Compounds Organic compound Hydrocarbon Structural formula Isomer Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Substituted hydrocarbon Hydroxyl group Alcohol Organic acid Carboxyl group Ester Polymer Monomer 8.3; Polymers and Composites Protein Amino acid Plastic Composite 8.4; Life with Carbon Carbohydrate Glucose Complex carbohydrate Starch Cellulose Lipid Fatty acid Cholesterol Nucleic acid DNA RNA Nucleotide
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes; *Chemistry underlies biology… Carbon has a central role in life due to its ability to its ability to combine in many different ways.
Living organisms are made of molecules predominantly CHNOPS. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules, including small ones, such as water and salt, and very large ones, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA. END OF UNIT 2
Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy Study Guide for Ch. 9; Motion (Know by 1-18-10) 9.1; Describing Motion Motion Reference point Distance Displacement Vector 9.2; Speed & Velocity Speed Average speed Instantaneous speed Velocity Slope 9.3; Acceleration Acceleration 9.4; Energy Work Energy Kinetic energy Potential energy Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy Mechanical energy Law of conservation of energy
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes; *The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position… Position is defined by a standard reference point and set of reference directions. Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time. Speed can vary. Solve problems involving distance, time, and average speed. Velocity is described by both direction and speed. Changes in velocity can be due to changes in speed, direction, or both. Interpret graphs of position versus time and speed versus time for motion in a single direction.
Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy Study Guide for Ch. 10; Forces (Know by 2-22-10) 10.1; The Nature of Force Force Newton Net force Unbalanced forces Balanced forces 10.2; Friction, Gravity, and Elastic Forces Friction Static, sliding, rolling & fluid friction Gravity Mass Weight Free fall Air resistance Projectile Compression Tension 10.3; Newton’s First and Second Laws Inertia 10.4; Newton’s Third Law Momentum Law of Conservation of Momentum
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes
*Unbalanced forces cause changes in velocity… Force has both direction and magnitude. Know the cumulative effect of two or more forces on an object at once. Balanced forces produce no change in motion. Identify forces acting on a static object; gravity, elastic forces due to tension/compression, and friction. Unbalanced forces produce changes in velocity (direction or speed). Greater masses require greater forces to achieve the same rate of change in motion. Know the role of gravity in forming and maintaining the shapes of planets, stars, and the solar system.
Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy Study Guide for Ch. 11; Forces in Fluids (Know by 3-15-10) 11.1; Pressure Pressure Pascal Fluid Barometer 11.2; Floating and Sinking Density Buoyant force Archimede’s Principle 11.3; Pascal’s Principle Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic system 11.4; Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle Lift Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*All objects experience buoyancy when in water…
D = m/v; calculate D (regular solid, irregular solid, liquid) from m and v measurements.
Buoyant force on an object in liquid is a force equal to the weight of the water it displaces.
Predict if an object with float or sink. Density of water is one.
END OF UNIT 3 Unit 4; Astronomy Study Guide for Ch. 12; Earth, Moon, & Sun (Know by 4-5-10) 12.1; Astronomy Axis Rotation Revolution Orbit Calendar Solstice Equinox 12.2; Gravity and Motion Force Gravity Universal Law of Gravitation Mass Weight Inertia Newton’s First Law of Motion 12.3; Phases, Eclipses, and Tides Phase Eclipse Solar eclipse Umbra Penumbra Lunar eclipse Tide Spring tide Neap tide 12.4; Earth’s Moon Telescope Maria Crater Meteoroid Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, & their evolution.
Stars differ in size, temperature, and color. The sun is a star in the Milky Way.
Measure distance between the sun, stars, and Earth in AU and light years.
Unit 4; Astronomy Study Guide for Ch. 13; Exploring Space (Know by 6-4-10) 13.1; The Science of Rockets Rocket Thrust Velocity Orbital velocity Escape velocity 13.2; The Space Program Satellite 13.3; Exploring Space Today Space Shuttle Space program Space probe Rover 13.4; Using Space Science on Earth Vacuum Microgravity Space spinoff Remote sensing Geostationary orbit Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, & their evolution.
Unit 4; Astronomy Study Guide for Ch. 14; The Solar System (Know by 4-26-10)
14.1; Observing the Solar System Geocentric Heliocentric Ellipse Moon Astronomical unit 14.2; The Sun Nuclear fusion Core Radiation zone Convection zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Solar wind Sunspot Prominence Solar flare 14.3; The Inner Planets Terrestrial planets Greenhouse effect 14.4; The Outer Planets Gas giant Planetary ring 14.5; Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors Comet Coma Nucleus Kuiper belt Oort cloud Asteroid Asteroid belt Meteoroid Meteor Meteorite
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, & their evolution.
Galaxies are made of billions of stars and have different shapes.
The sun is a star in the Milky Way.
Stars are the source of light and the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight.
Know the appearance, composition, relative position, size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids. Unit 4; Astronomy Study Guide for Ch. 15; Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe (Know by 3-24-10)
15.1; Telescopes Electromagnetic Radiation Visible light Wavelenght Spectrum Optical telescope Refracting telescope Convex lens Reflecting telescope Radio telescope Observatory 15.2; Characteristics of Stars Constellation Spectrograph Apparent brightness Absolute brightness Light-year Parallax Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Main sequence 15.3; Lives of Stars Nebula Protostar Planetary nebula White dwarf Supernova Neutron star Pulsar Black hole 15.4; Star Systems and Galaxies Binary star Eclipsing binary star Open cluster Globular cluster Galaxy Quasar Spiral galaxy Elliptical galaxy Irregular galaxy Universe Scientific notation 15.5; The Expanding Universe Big bang Hubble’s Law Cosmic background radiation Solar nebula Planetesimal Dark matter Dark energy
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, & their evolution.
Galaxies are made of billions of stars and have different shapes.
Stars differ in size, temperature, and color. The sun is a star in the Milky Way.
Measure distance between the sun, stars, and Earth in AU and light years.
Stars are the source of light and the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight.
Know the appearance, composition, relative position, size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids.
Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks
Study Guide for Ch. 1; Introduction to Physical Science (Know by 9-7-09)
1.1; What is Physical Science?
Science
Observing
Inferring
Predicting
Chemistry
Physics
Astronomy
1.2; Scientific inquiry
Scientific inquiry
Hypothesis
Parameter
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Controlled experiment
Data
Communicating
Model
Scientific theory
Scientific law
1.3; Measurement
SI
Weight
Mass
Volume
Meniscus
Density
Celsius scale
Kelvin scale
Absolute zero
1.4; Mathematics and Science
Estimate
Accuracy
Reproducibility
Significant figures
Precision
1.5; Graphs in Science
Graph
Horizontal axis
Vertical axis
Origin
Coordinate
Data point
Line of best fit
Linear graph
Slope
Nonlinear graph
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations… Students should develop their own questions and perform investigations…
Plan and conduct a scientific investigation to test a hypothesis.
Evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of data.
Distinguish between variable and controlled parameters in a test.
Recognize the slope of the linear graph as the constant in the relationship y=kx and apply this principle
in interpreting graphs constructed from data.
Construct appropriate graphs from data and describe relationships between variables.
Apply simple mathematic relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression,
given the two remaining terms (including speed = distance/time, density = mass/volume, force =
pressure × area, volume = area × height).
Distinguish between linear and nonlinear relationships on a graph of data
Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks
Study Guide for Ch. 2; The Nature of Matter
(Know by 9-14-09)
2.1; Describing Matter
Matter
Substance
Physical property
Chemical property
Element
Atom
Chemical bond
Molecule
Compound
Chemical formula
Mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture
Solution
2.2; Changes in Matter
Physical change
Chemical change
Law of Conservation of Matter
2.3; Energy and Matter
Energy
Temperature
Thermal energy
Endothermic change
Exothermic change
Chemical energy
Electromagnetic energy
Electrical energy
Electrode
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons…
The total energy & motion of the atoms in a substance determine its state of matter.
Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks
Study Guide for Ch. 3; Solids, Liquids, & Gases (Know by 9-28-09)
3.1; States of Matter
Solid
Crystalline solid
Amorphous solid
Liquid
Surface tension
Viscosity
Gas
3.2; Changes of State
Milting
Melting point
Freezing
Vaporization
Evaporation
Boiling
Boiling point
Condensation
Sublimation
3.3; The Behavior of Gases
Pressure
Directly proportional
Inversely proportional
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons…
The total energy & motion of the atoms in a substance determine its state of matter.
Compare the packing of solid, liquid and gas molecules.
Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks
Study Guide for Ch. 4; Elements and the Periodic Table (Know by 10-12-09)
4.1; Introduction to Atoms
Atoms
Electron
Nucleus
Proton
Energy level
Neutron
Atomic number
Isotope
Mass number
4.2; Organizing the Elements
Atomic mass
Periodic table
Period
Group
Chemical symbol
4.3; Metals
Metal
Malleable
Ductile
Thermal conductivity
Electrical conductivity
Reactivity
Corrosion
Alkali metal
Alkaline Earth Metal
Transition metal
Particle accelerator
4.4; Nonmetals, Inert Gases, and Semimetals
Nonmetal
Diatomic molecule
Halogen
Inert gas
Semimetal
Semiconductor
4.5; Radioactive Elements
Radioactive decay
Radioactivity
Alpha particle
Beta Particle
Gamma radiation
Tracer
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Periodic Table
*Organization of the periodic table based on properties of the elements; reflects structure of atoms…
Use the periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds.
Know regions corresponding to metals, non-metals, metalloids, inert gases, etc.
Atomic number & what it means, atomic mass & what it means. Isotopes have a different # of neutrons.
Substances can be classified by properties like melting point, density, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivity.
END OF UNIT 1
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions
Study Guide for Ch. 5; Atoms & Bonding
(Know by 11-2-09)
5.1; Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table
Valence electron
Chemical bond
5.2; Ionic bonds
Ion
Polyatomic ion
Ionic bond
Ionic compound
Chemical formula
Subscript
Crystal
5.3; Covalent Bonds
Covalent bond
Molecule
Double bond
Triple bond
Molecular compound
Polar bond
Nonpolar bond
5.4; Bonding in Metals
Alloy
Metallic bond
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Chemical Reactions
*Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into different combinations of molecules…
Reactant atoms & molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.
Law of Conservation of Matter; in rxns the # of atoms and mass stays the same.
Rxns either release or absorb heat energy.
In physical changes (freezing, boiling) materials change form without chemically reacting.
Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions
Study Guide for Ch. 6; Chemical Reactions (Know by 11-23-09)
6.1; Observing Chemical Change
Matter
Physical property
Chemical property
Physical change
Chemical change
Reactants
Products
Precipitate
Endothermic reaction
Exothermic reaction
6.2; Describing Chemical Reactions
Chemical equation
Conservation of matter
Open system
Closed system
Coefficient
Synthesis reaction
Decomposition reaction
Replacement reaction
6.3; Controlling Chemical Reactions
Activation energy
Concentration
Catalysis
Enzyme
Inhibitor
6.4; Fire and Fire Safety
Combustion
Fuel
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Chemical Reactions
*Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into different combinations of molecules…
Reactant atoms & molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties.
Law of Conservation of Matter; in rxns the # of atoms and mass stays the same.
Rxns either release or absorb heat energy.
In physical changes (freezing, boiling) materials change form without chemically reacting.
Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions
Study Guide for Ch. 7; Acids, Bases, & Solutions (Know by 12-7-09)
7.1; Understanding Solutions
Solution
Solvent
Solute
Colloid
Suspension
7.2; Concentration and Solubility
Dilute solution
Concentrated solution
Saturated solution
Unsaturated solution
Supersaturated solution
7.3; Describing Acids and Bases
Acid
Base
Corrosive
Indicator
7.4; Acids and Bases in Solution
Hydrogen ion (H+)
Hydroxide ion (OH--)
pH Scale
Neutral
Neutralization
Salt
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Unit 2; Chemical Interactions
Study Guide for Ch. 8; Carbon Chemistry (Know by 12-18-09)
8.1; Properties of Carbon
Diamond
Graphite
Fullerene
Nanotube
8.2; Carbon Compounds
Organic compound
Hydrocarbon
Structural formula
Isomer
Saturated hydrocarbon
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Hydroxyl group
Alcohol
Organic acid
Carboxyl group
Ester
Polymer
Monomer
8.3; Polymers and Composites
Protein
Amino acid
Plastic
Composite
8.4; Life with Carbon
Carbohydrate
Glucose
Complex carbohydrate
Starch
Cellulose
Lipid
Fatty acid
Cholesterol
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Nucleotide
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Chemistry underlies biology…
Carbon has a central role in life due to its ability to its ability to combine in many different ways.
Living organisms are made of molecules predominantly CHNOPS.
Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules, including small ones, such as water and salt, and very large ones, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA.
END OF UNIT 2
Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy
Study Guide for Ch. 9; Motion (Know by 1-18-10)
9.1; Describing Motion
Motion
Reference point
Distance
Displacement
9.2; Speed & Velocity
Speed
Average speed
Instantaneous speed
Velocity
Slope
9.3; Acceleration
Acceleration
9.4; Energy
Work
Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Gravitational potential energy
Elastic potential energy
Mechanical energy
Law of conservation of energy
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position…
Position is defined by a standard reference point and set of reference directions.
Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time. Speed can vary.
Solve problems involving distance, time, and average speed.
Velocity is described by both direction and speed.
Changes in velocity can be due to changes in speed, direction, or both.
Interpret graphs of position versus time and speed versus time for motion in a single direction.
Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy
Study Guide for Ch. 10; Forces (Know by 2-22-10)
10.1; The Nature of Force
Force
Newton
Net force
Unbalanced forces
Balanced forces
10.2; Friction, Gravity, and Elastic Forces
Friction
Static, sliding, rolling & fluid friction
Gravity
Mass
Weight
Free fall
Air resistance
Projectile
Compression
Tension
10.3; Newton’s First and Second Laws
Inertia
10.4; Newton’s Third Law
Momentum
Law of Conservation of Momentum
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes
*Unbalanced forces cause changes in velocity…
Force has both direction and magnitude.
Know the cumulative effect of two or more forces on an object at once.
Balanced forces produce no change in motion.
Identify forces acting on a static object; gravity, elastic forces due to tension/compression, and friction.
Unbalanced forces produce changes in velocity (direction or speed).
Greater masses require greater forces to achieve the same rate of change in motion.
Know the role of gravity in forming and maintaining the shapes of planets, stars, and the solar system.
Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy
Study Guide for Ch. 11; Forces in Fluids (Know by 3-15-10)
Pressure
Pascal
Fluid
Barometer
11.2; Floating and Sinking
Density
Buoyant force
Archimede’s Principle
11.3; Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle
Hydraulic system
11.4; Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle
Lift
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*All objects experience buoyancy when in water…
D = m/v; calculate D (regular solid, irregular solid, liquid) from m and v measurements.
Buoyant force on an object in liquid is a force equal to the weight of the water it displaces.
Predict if an object with float or sink. Density of water is one.
END OF UNIT 3
Unit 4; Astronomy
Study Guide for Ch. 12; Earth, Moon, & Sun (Know by 4-5-10)
12.1;
Axis
Rotation
Revolution
Orbit
Calendar
Solstice
Equinox
12.2; Gravity and Motion
Force
Gravity
Universal Law of Gravitation
Mass
Weight
Inertia
Newton’s First Law of Motion
12.3; Phases, Eclipses, and Tides
Phase
Eclipse
Solar eclipse
Umbra
Penumbra
Lunar eclipse
Tide
Spring tide
Neap tide
12.4; Earth’s Moon
Telescope
Maria
Crater
Meteoroid
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &
their evolution.
Stars differ in size, temperature, and color. The sun is a star in the Milky Way.
Measure distance between the sun, stars, and Earth in AU and light years.
Unit 4; Astronomy
Study Guide for Ch. 13; Exploring Space (Know by 6-4-10)
13.1; The Science of Rockets
Rocket
Thrust
Velocity
Orbital velocity
Escape velocity
13.2; The Space Program
Satellite
13.3; Exploring Space Today
Space Shuttle
Space program
Space probe
Rover
13.4; Using Space Science on Earth
Vacuum
Microgravity
Space spinoff
Remote sensing
Geostationary orbit
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &
their evolution.
Unit 4; Astronomy
Study Guide for Ch. 14; The Solar System (Know by 4-26-10)
14.1; Observing the Solar System
Geocentric
Heliocentric
Ellipse
Moon
Astronomical unit
14.2; The Sun
Nuclear fusion
Core
Radiation zone
Convection zone
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona
Solar wind
Sunspot
Prominence
Solar flare
14.3; The Inner Planets
Terrestrial planets
Greenhouse effect
14.4; The Outer Planets
Gas giant
Planetary ring
14.5; Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors
Comet
Coma
Nucleus
Kuiper belt
Oort cloud
Asteroid Asteroid belt
Meteoroid
Meteor
Meteorite
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &
their evolution.
Galaxies are made of billions of stars and have different shapes.
The sun is a star in the Milky Way.
Stars are the source of light and the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight.
Know the appearance, composition, relative position, size, and motion of objects in the
solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids.
Unit 4; Astronomy
Study Guide for Ch. 15; Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe (Know by 3-24-10)
15.1; Telescopes
Electromagnetic Radiation
Visible light
Wavelenght
Spectrum
Optical telescope
Refracting telescope
Convex lens
Reflecting telescope
Radio telescope
Observatory
15.2; Characteristics of Stars
Constellation
Spectrograph
Apparent brightness
Absolute brightness
Light-year
Parallax
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
Main sequence
15.3; Lives of Stars
Nebula
Protostar
Planetary nebula
White dwarf
Supernova
Neutron star
Pulsar
Black hole
15.4; Star Systems and Galaxies
Binary star
Eclipsing binary star
Open cluster
Globular cluster
Galaxy
Quasar
Spiral galaxy
Elliptical galaxy
Irregular galaxy
Universe
Scientific notation
15.5; The Expanding Universe
Big bang
Hubble’s Law
Cosmic background radiation
Solar nebula
Planetesimal
Dark matter
Dark energy
Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;
*Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &
their evolution.
Galaxies are made of billions of stars and have different shapes.
Stars differ in size, temperature, and color. The sun is a star in the Milky Way.
Measure distance between the sun, stars, and Earth in AU and light years.
Stars are the source of light and the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight.
Know the appearance, composition, relative position, size, and motion of objects in the solar system,
including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids.
END OF UNIT 4