8th+Grade+Chapter+Study+Guides

8th Grade Chapter Study Guides

**Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks** **Study Guide for Ch. 1; Introduction to Physical Science (Know by 9-7-09)**

__1.1; What is Physical Science?__ Science Observing Inferring Predicting Chemistry Physics Astronomy __1.2; Scientific inquiry__ Scientific inquiry Hypothesis Parameter Manipulated variable Responding variable Controlled experiment Data Communicating Model Scientific theory Scientific law __1.3; Measurement__ SI Weight Mass Volume Meniscus Density Celsius scale Kelvin scale Absolute zero __1.4; Mathematics and Science__ Estimate Accuracy Reproducibility Significant figures Precision __1.5; Graphs in Science__ Graph Horizontal axis Vertical axis Origin Coordinate Data point Line of best fit Linear graph Slope Nonlinear graph **//*Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations…//** Students should develop their own questions and perform investigations… Plan and conduct a scientific investigation to test a hypothesis. Evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of data. Distinguish between variable and controlled parameters in a test. Recognize the slope of the linear graph as the constant in the relationship y=kx and apply this principle in interpreting graphs constructed from data. Construct appropriate graphs from data and describe relationships between variables. Apply simple mathematic relationships to determine a missing quantity in a mathematic expression, given the two remaining terms (including speed = distance/time, density = mass/volume, force =  pressure × area, volume = area × height). Distinguish between linear and nonlinear relationships on a graph of data **Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks** **Study Guide for Ch. 2; The Nature of Matter** **(Know by 9-14-09)** __2.1; Describing Matter__ Matter Substance Physical property Chemical property Element Atom Chemical bond Molecule Compound Chemical formula Mixture Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture Solution __2.2; Changes in Matter__ Physical change Chemical change Law of Conservation of Matter __2.3; Energy and Matter__ Energy Temperature Thermal energy Endothermic change Exothermic change Chemical energy Electromagnetic energy Electrical energy Electrode
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**

The total energy & motion of the atoms in a substance determine its state of matter. **Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks** **Study Guide for Ch. 3; Solids, Liquids, & Gases (Know by 9-28-09)** __3.1; States of Matter__ Solid Crystalline solid Amorphous solid Liquid Fluid Surface tension Viscosity Gas __3.2; Changes of State__ Milting Melting point Freezing Vaporization Evaporation Boiling Boiling point Condensation Sublimation __3.3; The Behavior of Gases__ Pressure Directly proportional Inversely proportional The total energy & motion of the atoms in a substance determine its state of matter. Compare the packing of solid, liquid and gas molecules. **Unit 1; Chemical Building Blocks** **Study Guide for Ch. 4; Elements and the Periodic Table (Know by 10-12-09)** __4.1; Introduction to Atoms__ Atoms Electron Nucleus Proton Energy level Neutron Atomic number Isotope Mass number __4.2; Organizing the Elements__ Atomic mass Periodic table Period Group Chemical symbol __4.3; Metals__ Metal Malleable Ductile Thermal conductivity Electrical conductivity Reactivity Corrosion Alkali metal Alkaline Earth Metal Transition metal Particle accelerator __4.4; Nonmetals, Inert Gases, and Semimetals__ Nonmetal Diatomic molecule Halogen Inert gas Semimetal Semiconductor __4.5; Radioactive Elements__ Radioactive decay Radioactivity Alpha particle Beta Particle Gamma radiation Tracer Periodic Table Use the periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds. Know regions corresponding to metals, non-metals, metalloids, inert gases, etc. Atomic number & what it means, atomic mass & what it means. Isotopes have a different # of neutrons. Substances can be classified by properties like melting point, density, hardness, thermal and electrical conductivity.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * //*Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons…//**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * //*Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons…//**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * //*Organization of the periodic table based on properties of the elements; reflects structure of atoms…//**

END OF UNIT 1 **Unit 2; Chemical Interactions** **Study Guide for Ch. 5; Atoms & Bonding** **(Know by 11-2-09)** __5.1; Atoms, Bonding, and the Periodic Table__ Valence electron Electron dot diagram Chemical bond __5.2; Ionic bonds__ Ion Polyatomic ion Ionic bond Ionic compound Chemical formula Subscript Crystal __5.3; Covalent Bonds__ Covalent bond Molecule Double bond Triple bond Molecular compound Polar bond Nonpolar bond __5.4; Bonding in Metals__ Alloy Metallic bond Chemical Reactions Reactant atoms & molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties. Law of Conservation of Matter; in rxns the # of atoms and mass stays the same. Rxns either release or absorb heat energy. In physical changes (freezing, boiling) materials change form without chemically reacting. Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * //*Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into different combinations of molecules…//**

**Unit 2; Chemical Interactions** **Study Guide for Ch. 6; Chemical Reactions (Know by 11-23-09)** __6.1; Observing Chemical Change__ Matter Chemistry Physical property Chemical property Physical change Chemical change Reactants Products Precipitate Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction __6.2; Describing Chemical Reactions__ Chemical equation Conservation of matter Open system Closed system Coefficient Synthesis reaction Decomposition reaction Replacement reaction __6.3; Controlling Chemical Reactions__ Activation energy Concentration Catalysis Enzyme Inhibitor __6.4; Fire and Fire Safety__ Combustion Fuel Chemical Reactions Reactant atoms & molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties. Law of Conservation of Matter; in rxns the # of atoms and mass stays the same. Rxns either release or absorb heat energy. In physical changes (freezing, boiling) materials change form without chemically reacting. Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * //*Chemical reactions rearrange atoms into different combinations of molecules…//**

**Unit 2; Chemical Interactions** **Study Guide for Ch. 7; Acids, Bases, & Solutions (Know by 12-7-09)** __7.1; Understanding Solutions__ Solution Solvent Solute Colloid Suspension __7.2; Concentration and Solubility__ Dilute solution Concentrated solution Solubility Saturated solution Unsaturated solution Supersaturated solution __7.3; Describing Acids and Bases__ Acid Base Corrosive Indicator __7.4; Acids and Bases in Solution__ Hydrogen ion (H+) Hydroxide ion (OH--) pH Scale Neutral Neutralization Salt

Know how to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**

**Unit 2; Chemical Interactions** **Study Guide for Ch. 8; Carbon Chemistry (Know by 12-18-09)**

__8.1; Properties of Carbon__ Diamond Graphite Fullerene Nanotube __8.2; Carbon Compounds__ Organic compound Hydrocarbon Structural formula Isomer Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Substituted hydrocarbon Hydroxyl group Alcohol Organic acid Carboxyl group Ester Polymer Monomer __8.3; Polymers and Composites__ Protein Amino acid Plastic Composite __8.4; Life with Carbon__ Carbohydrate Glucose Complex carbohydrate Starch Cellulose Lipid Fatty acid Cholesterol Nucleic acid DNA RNA Nucleotid__e__ Carbon has a central role in life due to its ability to its ability to combine in many different ways. Living organisms are made of molecules predominantly CHNOPS. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules, including small ones, such as water and salt, and very large ones, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA. END OF UNIT 2 **Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy** **Study Guide for Ch. 9; Motion (Know by 1-18-10)** __9.1; Describing Motion__ Motion Reference point Distance Displacement Vector __9.2; Speed & Velocity__ Speed Average speed Instantaneous speed Velocity Slope __9.3; Acceleration__ Acceleration __9.4; Energy__ Work Energy Kinetic energy Potential energy Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy Mechanical energy Law of conservation of energy
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * //*Chemistry underlies biology…//**

**//*The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position…//** Position is defined by a standard reference point and set of reference directions. Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time. Speed can vary. Solve problems involving distance, time, and average speed. Velocity is described by both direction and speed. Changes in velocity can be due to changes in speed, direction, or both. Interpret graphs of position versus time and speed versus time for motion in a single direction.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**

**Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy** **Study Guide for Ch. 10; Forces (Know by 2-22-10)** __10.1; The Nature of Force__ Force Newton Net force Unbalanced forces Balanced forces __10.2; Friction, Gravity, and Elastic Forces__ Friction Static, sliding, rolling & fluid friction Gravity Mass Weight Free fall Air resistance Projectile Compression Tension __10.3; Newton’s First and Second Laws__ Inertia __10.4; Newton’s Third Law__ Momentum Law of Conservation of Momentum

**//*Unbalanced forces cause changes in velocity…//** Force has both direction and magnitude. Know the cumulative effect of two or more forces on an object at once. Balanced forces produce no change in motion. Identify forces acting on a static object; gravity, elastic forces due to tension/compression, and friction. Unbalanced forces produce changes in velocity (direction or speed). Greater masses require greater forces to achieve the same rate of change in motion. Know the role of gravity in forming and maintaining the shapes of planets, stars, and the solar system.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes**

**Unit 3; Forces, Motion, and Energy** **Study Guide for Ch. 11; Forces in Fluids (Know by 3-15-10)** __11.1; Pressure__ Pressure Pascal Fluid Barometer __11.2; Floating and Sinking__ Density Buoyant force Archimede’s Principle __11.3; Pascal’s Principle__ Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic system __11.4; Bernoulli’s Principle__ Bernoulli’s Principle Lift **//*All objects experience buoyancy when in water…//** D = m/v; calculate D (regular solid, irregular solid, liquid) from m and v measurements. Buoyant force on an object in liquid is a force equal to the weight of the water it displaces. Predict if an object with float or sink. Density of water is one.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**

END OF UNIT 3 **Unit 4; Astronomy** **Study Guide for Ch. 12; Earth, Moon, & Sun (Know by 4-5-10)** __12.1;__ Astronomy Axis Rotation Revolution Orbit Calendar Solstice Equinox __12.2; Gravity and Motion__ Force Gravity Universal Law of Gravitation Mass Weight Inertia Newton’s First Law of Motion __12.3; Phases, Eclipses, and Tides__ Phase Eclipse Solar eclipse Umbra Penumbra Lunar eclipse Tide Spring tide Neap tide __12.4; Earth’s Moon__ Telescope Maria Crater Meteoroid their evolution. Stars differ in size, temperature, and color. The sun is a star in the Milky Way. Measure distance between the sun, stars, and Earth in AU and light years.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &

**Unit 4; Astronomy** **Study Guide for Ch. 13; Exploring Space (Know by 6-4-10)** __13.1; The Science of Rockets__ Rocket Thrust Velocity Orbital velocity Escape velocity __13.2; The Space Program__ Satellite __13.3; Exploring Space Today__ Space Shuttle Space program Space probe Rover __13.4; Using Space Science on Earth__ Vacuum Microgravity Space spinoff Remote sensing Geostationary orbit their evolution.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &

**Unit 4; Astronomy** **Study Guide for Ch. 14; The Solar System (Know by 4-26-10)**

__14.1; Observing the Solar System__ Geocentric Heliocentric Ellipse Moon Astronomical unit __14.2; The Sun__ Nuclear fusion Core Radiation zone Convection zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Solar wind Sunspot Prominence Solar flare __14.3; The Inner Planets__ Terrestrial planets Greenhouse effect __14.4; The Outer Planets__ Gas giant Planetary ring __14.5; Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors__ Comet Coma Nucleus Kuiper belt Oort cloud Asteroid Asteroid belt Meteoroid Meteor Meteorite their evolution. Galaxies are made of billions of stars and have different shapes. The sun is a star in the Milky Way. Stars are the source of light and the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight. Know the appearance, composition, relative position, size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids. **Unit 4; Astronomy** **Study Guide for Ch. 15; Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe (Know by 3-24-10)** __15.1; Telescopes__ Electromagnetic Radiation Visible light Wavelenght Spectrum Optical telescope Refracting telescope Convex lens Reflecting telescope Radio telescope Observatory __15.2; Characteristics of Stars__ Constellation Spectrograph Apparent brightness Absolute brightness Light-year Parallax Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Main sequence __15.3; Lives of Stars__ Nebula Protostar Planetary nebula White dwarf Supernova Neutron star Pulsar Black hole __15.4; Star Systems and Galaxies__ Binary star Eclipsing binary star Open cluster Globular cluster Galaxy Quasar Spiral galaxy Elliptical galaxy Irregular galaxy Universe Scientific notation __15.5; The Expanding Universe__ Big bang Hubble’s Law Cosmic background radiation Solar nebula Planetesimal Dark matter Dark energy their evolution. Galaxies are made of billions of stars and have different shapes. Stars differ in size, temperature, and color. The sun is a star in the Milky Way. Measure distance between the sun, stars, and Earth in AU and light years. Stars are the source of light and the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight. Know the appearance, composition, relative position, size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids.
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Structure and composition of the universe can be learned by studying stars, galaxies, &

END OF UNIT 4