7th+Grade+Chapter+Study+Guides









7th Grade Chapter Study Guides...

**UNIT 1; LOOKING AT CELLS** **Study Guide for Ch. 1; What is Life Science?** 1.1; __Thinking Like a Scientist__ Science Observing Quantitative observation Qualitative observation Inferring Predicting Classifying Making models Scale model 1.2; __The Study of Life__ Life science Biology Organism Development Structure Function Complementary 1.3; __Scientific Inquiry__ Scientific inquiry Hypothesis Variable Controlled experiment Control Manipulated variable Responding variable Operational definition Data Communicating **Study Guide for Ch. 2; Using Light**
 * (Know by 8-31-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 9-21-09)**

2.1; __Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum__ Wave Energy Medium Crest Trough Amplitude Wavelength Frequency Hertz Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic spectrum Visible light 2.2; __Visible Light and Color__ Transparent Translucent Opaque Pigment Secondary color Complementary colors Primary colors 2.3; __Reflection and Refraction__ Reflection Law of reflection Plane mirror Image Virtual image Concave mirror Optical axis Focal point Real image Convex mirror Refraction Lens Convex lens Concave lens 2.4; __Seeing Light__ Cornea Pupil Iris Retina Rods Cones Nearsighted Farsighted 2.5; __Optical Tools__ Camera Telescope Refracting telescope Objective Eyepiece Reflecting telescope Microscope Electron microscope

**Study Guide for Ch. 3; Cell Structure and Function** 3.1; __Discovering Cells__ Cell Cell theory Unicellular Multicellular Tissue Organ Organ system 3.2; __Looking Inside Cells__ Organelle Cell wall Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Golgi body Chloroplast Vacuole Lysosome 3.3; __Chemical Compounds in Cells__ Element Compound Carbohydrate Protein Amino acid Enzyme Lipid Nucleic acid DNA RNA 3.4; __The Cell in its Environment__ Selectively permeable Diffusion Osmosis Passive transport Active transport What creatures are made of cells? What is the function of the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other cell organelles? What is the difference between plant and animal cell structure? Describe mitosis: pattern & process; draw and label each stage Describe cell differentiation during development. **Study Guide for Ch. 4; Cell Processes and Energy** 4.1; __Photosynthesis__ Photosynthesis Autotroph Heterotroph Pigment Chlorophyll Stomata 4.2; __Respiration__ Respiration Fermentation 4.3; __Cell Division__ Cell cycle Interphase Replication Mitosis Chromosome Cytokinesis 4.4; __Cell Differentiation__ Differentiation Stem cell END OF UNIT 1 **UNIT 2; GENETICS AND EVOLUTION** **Study Guide for Ch. 5; Genetics; The Science of Heredity** 5.1; __Mendel’s Work__ Heredity Trait Genetics Fertilization Purebred Gene Alleles Dominant allele Recessive allele Hybrid 5.2; __Probability and Heredity__ Probability Punnett square Phenotype Genotype Homozygous Heterozygous Codominance 5.3; __The Cell and Inheritance__ Sexual reproduction Diploid Meiosis 5.4; __Genes, DNA, and Proteins__ Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Mutation Genetics *Cells contain genetic instructions that specify traits, may be modified by the environment Sexual v. asexual reproduction During sexual reproduction, half of the inherited traits are passed from each parent. Inherited traits are determined by one or more genes, which are made of DNA. Thousands of different genes, two copies of each one, may or may not be identical. **Study Guide for Ch. 6; Modern Genetics** 6.1; __Human Inheritance__ Multiple alleles Sex chromosome Sex-linked gene Carrier 6.2; __Human Genetic Disorders__ Genetic disorder Pedigree Karyotype 6.3; __Advances in Genetics__ Selective breeding Inbreeding Hybridization Clone Genetic engineering Gene therapy Genome **Study Guide for Ch. 7; Changes Over Time** 7.1; __Darwin’s Theory__ Species Fossil Adaptation Evolution Scientific theory Natural selection Variation 7.2; __Evidence of Evolution__ Comparative anatomy Homologous structures Mold Cast Petrified fossil Trace fossil Paleontologist Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium 7.3; __Evolution of Species__ Habitat Extinct 7.4; __Classifying Organisms__ Classification Taxonomy Binomial nomenclature Genus Prokaryote Eukaryote 7.5; __Branching Trees__ Branching tree diagram Shared derived characteristic What determines the great diversity of species? Both and factors combine to direct and produce evolution. Know how evolutionary adaptation of creatures to their environment happens by Natural Selection. What is the evidence for evolution? How are branching diagrams of classification made using shared characteristics? What is the relationship between environmental change and extinction? **Study Guide for Ch. 8; Earth’s History** **(Know by 12-14-09)** 8.1; __The Rock Cycle__ Geology Erosion Uniformitarianism Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Rock cycle Magma Lava 8.2; __The Relative Age of Rocks__ Relative age Absolute age Law of superposition Extrusion Intrusion Fault Unconformity Inclusion Index fossil 8.3; __Radiometric Dating__ Atom Element Radioactive decay Half-life 8.4; __Movement of the Earth’s Plates__ Plate Theory of Plate Tectonics Continental drift 8.5; __The Geologic Time Scale__ Geologic time scale Era Period Invertebrate Vertebrate Amphibian Reptile Mass extinction Mammal **Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;** Earth History *Geologic evidence helps us understand evolution Uniformitarianism, slow processes have large cumulative effects. Volcanism, asteroids and other catastrophic events influence pattern & process of evol Rock cycle Relative & absolute dating indicate a 4.6by geologic history with a 3by life history. Continental drift through plate tectonics has influenced biogeography. Explain significant episodes of evolution and extinction. END OF UNIT 2 **UNIT 3; STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING SYTEMS** **Study Guide for Ch. 9; Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi** 9.1; __Viruses__ Virus Host Parasite Bacteriophage Vaccine 9.2; __Bacteria__ Bacteria Flagellum Binary fission Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Conjugation Endospore Pasteurization Decomposer 9.3; __Protists__ Protist Protozoan Pseudopod Contractile vacuole Cilia Symbiosis Mutualism Algae Spore 9.4; __Fungi__ Fungi Hyphae Fruiting body Budding Lichen All creatures are made of cells. What is mitosis; pattern & process? What are the similarities and differences between sexual v. asexual reproduction? Evolution determines the diversity of species. How does the process of Natural Selection and adaptation apply to fungi, bacteria, & protists? Both genetics and the environment combine to direct evolution Give examples of the complementary nature of structure and function in these creatures. What is the level of organization, from cells to whole organisms, in these creatures? **Study Guide for Ch. 10; Structure and Function of Plants** 10.1; __The Plant Kingdom__ Cuticle Vascular tissue Zygote Nonvascular plant Vascular plant Sporophyte Gametophyte 10.2; __Plants Without Seeds__ Rhizoid Frond 10.3; __The Characteristics of Seed Plants__ Phloem Xylem Pollen Seed Embryo Cotyledon Germination 10.4; __Roots, Stems & Leaves__ Root Cap Cambium Transpiration 10.5; __Reproduction in Seed Plants__ Gymnosperm Cone Ovule Pollination Angiosperm Flower Sepal Petal Stamen Pistil Ovary Fruit Monocot Dicot Be able to compare and contrast a plant cell vs. an animal cell structure and function. Complementary nature of structure and function in plants & animals. How do angiosperm plants create pollen and what are the reproductive roles of ovules, seeds, and fruit. What is the EM spectrum & how does visible light help provide the energy plants use to make glucose? Know that visible light is a mixture of many wavelengths and photosynthesis uses only a narrow band. **Study Guide for Ch. 11; Structure and Function of Invertebrates**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 10-5-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 10-19-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 11-2-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 11-9-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 11-16-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 1-11-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 1-25-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 2-22-09)**

11.1; __What is an Animal?__ Anatomy Physiology Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Vertebrate Invertebrate Phylum 11.2; __Sponges and Cnidarians__ Larva Cnidarian Polyp Medusa 11.3; __Worms and Mollusks__ Brain Parasite Host Anus Mollusk Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system Gill Gastropod Radula Bivalve Cephalopod 11.4; __Arthropods__ Arthropod Exoskeleton Molting Antenna Crustacean Arachnid Abdomen Metamorphosis Insect Thorax Pupa Nymph 11.5; __Echinoderms__ Echinoderm Endoskeleton Water vascular system Tube feet

Know that heart contractions, blood pressure, and heart valves prevent back flow. Know that there are levels of organization from cells to whole organisms. Know that organ systems function due to cells, tissues, and organs working together. Know that failure of one part affects the whole body system because they are all connected. **Study Guide for Ch. 12; Structure and Function of Vertebrates** 12.1; __What is a Vertebrate?__ Chordate Notochord Vertebra Ectotherm Endotherm 12.2; __Fishes__ Fish Cartilage Swim bladder 12.3; __Amphibians__ Amphibian Tadpole Lung Atrium Ventricle Habitat 12.4; __Reptiles__ Reptile Kidney Urine Amniotic egg 12.5; __Birds__ Bird Contour feather Down feather Crop Gizzard 12.6; __Mammals__ Mammal Mammary gland Diaphragm Monotreme Marsupial Gestation period Placental Placenta Skeletal and muscular systems provide for movement. Simple lenses in the eye are similar to telescopes, microscopes, cameras, etc. Know the similarities between limb joints in vertebrates to simple machines made by humans. Know that levers provide mechanical advantage in musculoskeletal systems. Know that heart contractions, blood pressure, and heart valves prevent back flow. END OF UNIT 3 **UNIT 4; STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN BODY** **Study Guide for Ch. 13; Bones and Muscles**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 3-15-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * (Know by 3-29-09)**

13.1; __Organ Systems and Homeostasis__ Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ system Digestion Kidney Nephron Urinary bladder Pathogen Antibody Immunity Homeostasis Stress 13.2; __The Skeletal System__ Skeleton Vertebrae Joint Ligament Cartilage Compact bone Spongy bone Marrow Osteoporosis 13.3; __The Muscular System__ Involuntary muscle Voluntary muscle Skeletal muscle Tendon Striated muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle 13.4; __Machines and the Body__ Force Work Machine Lever Fulcrum Effort force Effort distance Resistance force Resistance distance Mechanical advantage Effort arm Resistance arm

Know there are levels of organization from cells to whole organisms. Know that organ systems function due to complementary nature of cells, tissues, and organs. Know that part failure affects the whole system. Know that skeletal and muscular systems provide for movement. Know that joint structure in humans compares to those found in simple machines. Know that levers confer mechanical advantage in musculoskeletal systems **Study Guide for Ch. 14; Circulation and Respiration**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Know that form follows function in plants & animals.
 * (Know by 4-26-09)**

14.1; __The Body’s Transport System__ Cardiovascular system Heart Atrium Pacemaker Ventricle Valve Artery Capillary Vein Aorta Coronary artery Pulse Diffusion Pressure Blood pressure 14.2; __Blood and Lymph__ Plasma Red blood cell Hemoglobin White blood cell Platelet Shock Lymphatic system Lymph Lymph node 14.3; __The Respiratory System__ Respiration Mucus Cilia Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm Larynx Vocal cords 14.4; __Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases__ Atherosclerosis Heart attack Hypertension Stroke Emphysema Bronchitis Asthma Suffocation Pneumonia

Know there are levels of organization from cells to whole organisms. Know that organ systems function due to complementary nature of cells, tissues, and organs. Know that part failure affects the whole system. Know the human circulatory system’s structure and function. Know that heart contractions, blood pressure, and heart valves prevent back flow. **Study Guide for Ch. 15; The Nervous System**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Know that form follows function in plants & animals.
 * (Know by 5-24-09)**

15.1; __How the Nervous System Works__ Stimulus Response Neuron Nerve impulse Dendrite Axon Nerve Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron Synapse 15.2; __Divisions of the Nervous System__ Brain Spinal cord Cerebrum Cerebellum Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System 15.3; __Sight and Hearing__ Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina Rods Cones Optic Nerve Eardrum Hammer Anvil Stirrup Cochlea Semicircular canal 15.4; __Smell, Taste, and Touch__ Taste bud 15.5; __Alcohol and Other Drugs__ Drug Drug abuse Tolerance Addiction Withdrawal Depressant Stimulant Alcoholism

Know there are levels of organization from cells to whole organisms. Know that organ systems function due to complementary nature of cells, tissues, and organs. Know that part failure affects the whole system. Know that reflection and scattering of light is needed for the eye to work. Realize the similarity between simple lenses and the eye, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, etc. Remember the EM spectrum & visible light. Remember that visible light is a mixture of many wavelengths. Retinal cells react differently for each. Remember the difference between reflection, refraction, transmission, absorbtion of light energy. Remember the angle of reflection = angle of refraction. Remember that light travels in straight lines if it’s medium is constant. **Study Guide for Ch. 16; The Endocrine System and Reproduction** 16.1; __The Endocrine System__ Endocrine gland Hormone Target cell Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Negative feedback 16.2; __The Male and Female Reproductive Systems__ Egg Sperm Testis Testosterone Scrotum Semen Penis Urethra Ovary Estrogen Fallopian tube Uterus Vagina Menstrual cycle Follicle Ovulation Mentruation 16.3; __Pregnancy, Development, and Birth__ Embryo Differentiation Fetus Amniotic sac Placenta Umbilical cord Adolescence Puberty Know there are levels of organization from cells to whole organisms. Know that organ systems function due to complementary nature of cells, tissues, and organs. Know that part failure affects the whole system. Understand human reproduction including eggs, sperm, fertilization, and pregnancy. Know the function of the umbilicus during pregnancy. END OF UNIT 4
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Know that form follows function in plants & animals.
 * (Know by 5-31-09)**
 * Essential Questions, Ideas & Processes;**
 * Know that form follows function in plants & animals.